Airways Navigation Service - Equipments
|
|
|
| |
| |
Instrument Landing System
|
| Localizer
|
| | Glide Slope |
| A precision approach instrument that materially aids the service to airports under all weather minimums and provides guidance to pilots of properly equipped aircraft in landing safely under conditions of reduced ceiling and lowered visibility.
The Localizer provides the Lateral Guidance Information. Indicates to the aircraft whether it is to the right, left or aligned with the approach course line while the Glide Slope provides the Vertical Guidance Information. Indicates the aircraft position above, below, or along the proper descent angle towards the runway touchdown point.
The Marker Beacons: Outer, Middle, and the Inner Markers designate specific points along the ILS approach path. By receiving the Marker signals, the aircraft can determine his specific position on the approach path.
| |
|
 |
| |
Secondary Surveillance Radar
|
| SSR Antenna
|
| | Manila ACC Radar Console |
| A Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) is an Air Traffic Control Equipment that provides positive identification and altitude information of an aircraft flying within the radar coverge.
Unlike the Primary Surveillance Radar(PSR) that operates using echo principle, an SSR is non-passive equipment. It transmits interrogation signals on air and the transponder on board the aircraft will reply train of energy pulses in return, that contains beacon code identification and altitude information.
It is usually used in conjunction with a PSR but when used as "stand alone" (not in conjunction with a PSR) it also provides range and azimuth information.
SSR can detect aircraft up to 210 Nautical Miles radius from the SSR site and up to 100, 000 feet high.
| |
|
|
| |
Very High Frequency Omni Range Beacon
|
| VOR Antenna and Shelter
|
| The Very High Frequency Omni Range(VOR) station provides the aircraft with bearing(angular direction of a point) information from a fixed geographical point, enabling pilots to determine their relative direction to or from the station. Usually used in conjunction with the DME, which provides distance information. Airways are thus fixed by both the VOR/DME signals so that the aircraft may travel safely at nightime and even during bad weather conditions.
| |
|
|
| |
Distance Measuring Equipment
|
| DME Equipment & Antenna
|
| The operating principle of Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) system is based on the time required for radio signal to travel to a given point and return. The system consists of airborne interrogator and ground beacon.
The airborne transmitter sends out interrogation pulsed at a frequency within the band 962-1213MHz. The interrogator pulses are picked up by the ground beacon receiver which in turn triggers an associated transmitter to send out reply pulses at a frequency 63 MHz below or above the interrogation frequency. The reply pulses are picked up by the airborne receiver which automatically measures the time intervals and converts them into distance information in terms of nautical miles.
| |
|
|
| |
Non-Directional Beacon
|
| CAAP manufactured NDB
|
| The Non-Directional Beacon(NDB) provides direction and identification information to the aircraft enroute to / from the station. A less precise aircraft guidance system than a VOR.
| |
|
|
| |
Approach Lighting Systems
|
| Approach Lights Pilots View
|
| Precision Approach Path Indicator
|
| Approach Lighting Systems consists of a row of lights on the extended center line of the runway extending, whenever possible, over a distance from the threshold with a row of lights forming a crossbar.
Application of Approach Lighting System:
- Simple Approach Lighting System
- Precision Approach Category I Lighting System
- Precision Approach Category II and III Lighting System
Visual approach slope indicator systems shows the airborne aircraft whether to fly-up or fly-down along the approach slope. Example of these systems are T-VASIS, AT-VASIS, PAPI, APAPI, SALS.
PAPI is undoubtedly the most powerful visual aid among the approach lighting facilities. Usually a PAPI unit exhibits 120,000 candelas in white precisely aimed towards the approach sector, hence PAPI light beam is the first visual signal which can be intercepted by the pilot at a distance between 6 to 15km from the threshold by day in clear weather and between 15km and 30 km by night in clear weather.
| |
|
|
| |
Communication Systems
|
| VHF, VCCS Systems
|
| VSAT
|
| Provides voice/data communication between the pilot and air traffic controller.
| |
|
|
| |
Power Plant System
|
| Power Plant
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
Meterological Equipment
|
| Anemometer & Wind Vane
|
| Meteorological service for air navigation contributes to the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation. It is achieved by supplying operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue services units, airport managements and others concerned with the conduct or development of air navigation with the meteorological information (i.e. Runway Temperature, Barometric Pressure, Wind Speed and Direction) necessary for the performance of their respective functions. (2.1 Annex 3 of ICAO International Standards and Recommended Practices.) |
|
|
|
